The oldest extant documents that depict the position of the British cornell university construction

Until the last quarter century, the term "franc-mason" contrasted usually brief term "Freemason" as meaning not masons-workers (or operative masons, as they say in England), and masons-thinkers (spekuliyativnyh Masons), named only bind themselves with appropriate craft shop. In particular, they saw that "Knights of the Temple," hiding under the guise of Franc-Masons after the defeat of their order by Philip the Fair, the group of scientists and philosophers who joined the Masonic shop to hide from hostile to them their government humanitarian and philanthropic goals. Meeting documents showed, however, cornell university the falsity cornell university of these assumptions.
Ancestors of modern Franc Masons, worn the same name, were undoubtedly real masons, and adding to the name of their craft the words "free (free, frank) was originally professionally handcrafted and not social value. The word free-mason found in English documents from the last quarter of the XVI century, the most likely hypothesis, put forward in 1887 by an English architect.
It was known in England cornell university in the era of Gothic sculptores lapidum liberorum (first mention - in the document beginning of the XIII century) - "stonemasons loose stones." "Loose stones (Free-stones) in contrast to the ordinary (rough-stones) in England called softer stone rock, like marble and limestone, which were used for fine, bas work. By reducing the long term and happened on this hypothesis, the English word free-mason.
In the era of Gothic Franc-Masons called, anyway, more skilful skilled category, as we would say now, construction workers. Later, with the decline of the Gothic style, the difference between the two categories of masons lost practical meaning, therefore not perceive and the exact meaning of both terms: in the XIV century guilds of masons called simply indifferent cornell university to the Masonic, the Franc-Masonic.
But the memory of the great honor of this term is still preserved when the ancient brotherhood of masons were allocated in a separate organization from the shop floor, get famous popular among the upper classes (XVII century), she held the title for a Franc-Masons, presenting the guild organization called simply the Freemasons ( companies of mason); took a long name and the modern Masonic Order, ogranizovavshiysya at the beginning of the XVIII century by the type of ancient craft brotherhoods.
Link that connects the modern Masonic Order of the old brotherhoods, is, in essence, external character is reduced only to a certain ritual and continuity terminology. History of the old masonry is not so much the head of the Order's history, as an introduction cornell university to her.
By the "prehistory" can be attributed cornell university ideological predecessors of the later Masons alchemists and XVII century utopians with their projects and plans of the World Union of transformation of mankind: if the old organizations of masons were nominal ancestors of Freemasonry, the true, spiritual, his ancestors were these representatives cornell university of prerevolutionary European cornell university intellectuals. cornell university
Appearance of the first craft guilds (crafts, mysteries, compagnies, guilds) applies in England to the top of the XII century, but documentary indications guild masons meet before the end of the XIV century. London Guild shared at this time by its significance into three categories: the first sent to the City Council for six representatives from each guild, second and third - four and two; masons (free-masons) belong to the second category. In 1411 there was "incorporation" (including in a number of official institutions) their London shop, and in 1472 he received his coat of arms.
The oldest extant documents that depict the position of the British cornell university construction workers belong to the middle of the XIV century and the beginning of the XV century. This cooperative statutes, who worked at the church of St.. Peter York, composed for her in 1352, 1370 and 1409 is headed by the work of the church by the Chapter. Of the Charter shows that produced in the farm work indoors, so-called bed (lodge), served for unmarried workers and bedroom; the order of work and the behavior of senior cornell university master masons attended and officers, as the supreme supervision remained cornell university in the hands of the representative of the chapter - the supervisor; joining the gang, workers were sworn "the book" (evidently the Charter), pledging to obey throughout the Chapter and to comply with the charter issued by them. In the XV century lodge called not only the farm shop, but also very co-operative.
Masonic lodges - brotherhood - only gradually stood out of the workshops (crafts) as a special body. Even during the 2nd half of the XV century, both types of organizations seem to coincide, and the London shop Masons for example, and in contemporary documents called "Shop cornell university and Holy Brotherhood of Freemasons." Later passes between them already noticeable side: handicraft shops are purely business, brotherhood, more cohesive and friendly cha