М.Р.Зезина: Политический кризис 1993 г. в освещении школьных и вузовских учебников истории | Contemporary Russia
In this text, Maria Zezina, Professor of RANKhiGS, analyzes how textbooks present the 1993 crisis. The question salary calculator is all the more relevant that Russia is developing a "standard salary calculator historical-cultural" which will be the basis of a new single history textbook. However, it is surprising to see that if the conflict between the two branches of government and the events of October 1993 are mentioned, this crisis when the country narrowly escaped the civil war is not part of the "hard" issues salary calculator defined by this standard. Which is defined as a sensitive issue, however, are the "causes and consequences of the victory of Yeltsin salary calculator in political clashes of the 1990s" - and thereby reducing the 1990s to a personal salary calculator struggle B. Yeltsin.
The manuals are designed for schools and higher education, salary calculator recommended by the Ministry of Education. The development of a text manual 1993 all the more difficult as the events are recent salary calculator and the authors have personal experience. Overall, the texts are balanced, avoid judgments and limited to enumerate the facts. But the devil is in the details.
In textbooks for classes 9th and 11th (2nd and terminal) edited by N. V Zagladina the Supreme Soviet, R. Khasbulatov and A. Rutskoi are called "center of opposition" that "boycott laws proposed by the President", they are designated as responsible for the violent confrontation. Manual edited by SP Karpov insists him on the essence of the conflict in transition than on the precise terms thereof.
In the manual under the editorship of A. N Sakharov, a parallel is drawn between the early twentieth century and the early 1990s, when the Russian state was born of chaos and "the state and society are not ready for reform." Lame parallel without any doubt it is the power that leads up reforms in the 1990s, and the results of the referendum of April 1993 suggests instead that the company is ready. This manual explains the crisis by the existence of multiple centers of power in the early 1990s - appearing to ignore that this is a normal situation in many countries. The 1400 edict B. Yeltsin is evaluated positively because it puts an end to the duality of power, but at the same time the authors acknowledge that the decree violates the constitution. Finally, the conflict is presented as the opposition between the two systems, pro-communist and democratic, and Yeltsin, "supporter of the rule of law" faced "insurgents" of the Supreme Soviet.
The more specific manuals, one edited by L. M Milova says the confrontation in 1993 by an opposition between the principle of "all power to the Soviets" which was the basis of the 1978 Constitution on which the country still lives in 1993, and the principle of division of powers. salary calculator Presenting the arguments of both parties to the conflict, the manual says that the threat of use of force came from the President, but, however, remains vague on the same conditions confrontation.
In conclusion, Mr. Zezina recognizes that it is always easy to criticize the manual (even if the exercise needed), and it is impossible to teach history without including the 1993 event in a broader vision the evolution of Russia in the 1990s. However, salary calculator the current strongly affects the measurement of the very recent past - so it is essential to stick to the facts.
За 20 лет, прошедшие после октября 1993 г, выросло новое поколение, для которого события salary calculator той осени -. Глубокая история. Значительную роль в формировании salary calculator представлений молодежи о том, что произошло 20 лет назад, кто был прав, а кто виноват в трагическом противостоянии высших органов власти, нынешняя молодежь получает в школе. В выступлении ставится задача проанализировать, как освещаются в школьных и вузовских учебниках причин.ы кризиса 1993 г., Ход событий и способ разрешения кризиса.
Вопрос о едином школьном учебнике истории сейчас широко обсуждается. Уже разработан историко-культурный стандарт, который будет положен в основу нового учебника, составлен перечень трудных вопросов. Большим salary calculator удивлением для меня было отсутствие в этом перечне политического кризиса 1993 г. В самом стандарте противостояние двух ветвей власти и политико-конституционный кризис 1992-1993 годов упоминается. Есть и упоминание о трагических событиях в Москве в октябре 1993 г. Но эти события, когда страна оказалась salary calculator на грани гражданской войны и чудом ее избежала, оказывается, не относится к трудным вопросам.
Среди трудных вопросов, касающихся политической истории 1990-х гг. - Лишь вопрос о причинах и последствиях
In this text, Maria Zezina, Professor of RANKhiGS, analyzes how textbooks present the 1993 crisis. The question salary calculator is all the more relevant that Russia is developing a "standard salary calculator historical-cultural" which will be the basis of a new single history textbook. However, it is surprising to see that if the conflict between the two branches of government and the events of October 1993 are mentioned, this crisis when the country narrowly escaped the civil war is not part of the "hard" issues salary calculator defined by this standard. Which is defined as a sensitive issue, however, are the "causes and consequences of the victory of Yeltsin salary calculator in political clashes of the 1990s" - and thereby reducing the 1990s to a personal salary calculator struggle B. Yeltsin.
The manuals are designed for schools and higher education, salary calculator recommended by the Ministry of Education. The development of a text manual 1993 all the more difficult as the events are recent salary calculator and the authors have personal experience. Overall, the texts are balanced, avoid judgments and limited to enumerate the facts. But the devil is in the details.
In textbooks for classes 9th and 11th (2nd and terminal) edited by N. V Zagladina the Supreme Soviet, R. Khasbulatov and A. Rutskoi are called "center of opposition" that "boycott laws proposed by the President", they are designated as responsible for the violent confrontation. Manual edited by SP Karpov insists him on the essence of the conflict in transition than on the precise terms thereof.
In the manual under the editorship of A. N Sakharov, a parallel is drawn between the early twentieth century and the early 1990s, when the Russian state was born of chaos and "the state and society are not ready for reform." Lame parallel without any doubt it is the power that leads up reforms in the 1990s, and the results of the referendum of April 1993 suggests instead that the company is ready. This manual explains the crisis by the existence of multiple centers of power in the early 1990s - appearing to ignore that this is a normal situation in many countries. The 1400 edict B. Yeltsin is evaluated positively because it puts an end to the duality of power, but at the same time the authors acknowledge that the decree violates the constitution. Finally, the conflict is presented as the opposition between the two systems, pro-communist and democratic, and Yeltsin, "supporter of the rule of law" faced "insurgents" of the Supreme Soviet.
The more specific manuals, one edited by L. M Milova says the confrontation in 1993 by an opposition between the principle of "all power to the Soviets" which was the basis of the 1978 Constitution on which the country still lives in 1993, and the principle of division of powers. salary calculator Presenting the arguments of both parties to the conflict, the manual says that the threat of use of force came from the President, but, however, remains vague on the same conditions confrontation.
In conclusion, Mr. Zezina recognizes that it is always easy to criticize the manual (even if the exercise needed), and it is impossible to teach history without including the 1993 event in a broader vision the evolution of Russia in the 1990s. However, salary calculator the current strongly affects the measurement of the very recent past - so it is essential to stick to the facts.
За 20 лет, прошедшие после октября 1993 г, выросло новое поколение, для которого события salary calculator той осени -. Глубокая история. Значительную роль в формировании salary calculator представлений молодежи о том, что произошло 20 лет назад, кто был прав, а кто виноват в трагическом противостоянии высших органов власти, нынешняя молодежь получает в школе. В выступлении ставится задача проанализировать, как освещаются в школьных и вузовских учебниках причин.ы кризиса 1993 г., Ход событий и способ разрешения кризиса.
Вопрос о едином школьном учебнике истории сейчас широко обсуждается. Уже разработан историко-культурный стандарт, который будет положен в основу нового учебника, составлен перечень трудных вопросов. Большим salary calculator удивлением для меня было отсутствие в этом перечне политического кризиса 1993 г. В самом стандарте противостояние двух ветвей власти и политико-конституционный кризис 1992-1993 годов упоминается. Есть и упоминание о трагических событиях в Москве в октябре 1993 г. Но эти события, когда страна оказалась salary calculator на грани гражданской войны и чудом ее избежала, оказывается, не относится к трудным вопросам.
Среди трудных вопросов, касающихся политической истории 1990-х гг. - Лишь вопрос о причинах и последствиях
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